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-
-
- MIDI
-
- A Basic Introduction
-
-
- Written by
-
- Kevan R. Craft.
-
-
- 1.
-
- WHAT IS MIDI?
-
-
- Welcome to the first part of TI's new MIDI section. Starting this issue and
- continuing for at least the next five, we're going to be looking at MIDI in
- general and specifically with MED itself. Anyway, hope you enjoy the first
- part which is (as stated above) `A Basic Introduction'.
-
- (1) Conversation Between Musical Instruments
- ----------------------------------------
-
- Musical instruments finally began "conversing" in the 1980's, a revolution in
- the world of music. Now, one instrument can say to another: "play middle C,
- with about 60 % strength, then play E4, a little louder". The second
- instrument "listens" to this dialogue, and plays the notes in turn , as long
- as it can understand the language used. The "language" that is now shared by
- all electronic musical instruments is called "MIDI".
-
- Even though the instruments can mow "converse", they still have no will of
- their own. In fact, the only link in the chain with its own is you the musican
- or user. Then the instruments interpret your performance by "translating" it
- into MIDI. "MIDI" is considered to be "the language which is used to send
- 'performance information' from one instrument to another".
-
- Although MIDI is a relatively new concept, it has already became a household
- word in the musical instrument scene. It is one of the common features for
- today's musical instruments. For your reference, MIDI stands for "Musical
- Instrument Digital Interface".
-
-
- (2) Applications of MIDI
- --------------------
-
- MIDI is widely known as a "language between musical instruments". MIDI has
- expanded in such a short period of time, because it can be applied to many
- kinds of situations. MIDI is a universal term. Although there are many
- different languages in the world, such as English, Norwegian, German, and so
- on, MIDI has only one language, and can therefore provide communication between
- Japanese and American instruments, or Norweigian and German instruments. More
- importantly, MIDI can even be used to "talk" to instruments from different
- manufacturers.
-
- Furthermore,, MIDI can be applied to many kinds of instruments. In this way it
- is possible for an electronic piano to "talk" to a synthesizer, or a drum
- machine. Consequently, MIDI has enormous potential for growth and development,
- and in the 10 or 12 years since MIDI first has appeared , it has seen the
- emergence of computer technology and software exploitation of MIDI's
- possiblities.
-
-
- (3) What Makes MIDI Conversation Possible
- -------------------------------------
-
- Just how is MIDI used to provide this conversation"? To explain, take a look
- at the back of your instrument, those without should enquire at a music
- instrument shop and ask to see. There should be several connectors, including
- a MIDI (IN), a MIDI (OUT) and often a MIDI (THRU) (it is advised to purchace a
- MIDI instrument with all three of these MIDI connectors otherwise you are
- restricting the possibility of expanding your MIDI set-up at a later date).
- These MIDI conections are the ears and mouth of the MIDI conversation, and are
- essential for any MIDI communication. The actual "MIDI conversation" travels
- from MIDI (OUT) of one instrument to the MIDI (IN) of another, by connecting
- only one MIDI cable between these two sockets. The cable used is three core,
- two cores are for the signals from the instrument and the third core is for
- screening or sheilding against interference and 'buzzing' noises, a kind of
- earthing if you will. The cable used has two male, five pin, din connectors at
- either end.
-
-
- NOTE:
- ----
- "DIN" sockets look very similar to MIDI sockets, but have an entirely differnt
- fuction. "DIN"" sockets are to be found on the rear of Hi Fi stereo
- amplifiers, cassette tape machines etc and are the means of the input and
- output of sound which contains a small electrical signal charge, so please DO
- NOT connect a MIDI cable to a "DIN" socket!
-
-
- Back to MIDI, so why do we need three sockets? (MIDI IN, MIDI OUT, and MIDI
- THRU).
-
- MIDI IN is for "listening to a MIDI conversation, that is, it is the entrance
- for MIDI information.
-
- MIDI OUT is for "speaking", to send the conversation from an instrument, and is
- therefore the exit point for MIDI information.
-
- MIDI IN and MIDI OUT are relatively simple to understand and use, however, MIDI
- THRU is similar to MIDI OUT, in that is does "speak" to the next instrument,
- however, it doesn't provide its own conversation, it merely "repeats" anything
- heard by the MIDI IN.
-
-
- In a typical set-up, MIDI information is fed out of the MIDI OUT of keyboard
- number 1, and into the MIDI IN of keyboard number 2. It is also passed on to
- the MIDI IN of keyboard number 3, via the MIDI THRU of keyboard number 2. In
- this way, the information from keyboard number 1 can control both keyboards 2
- and 3. (Keyboard number 1 can be a computer using a software sequencer program
- as and keyboard 2 may be a synthesizer and keyboard 3 may be a synthesizer
- module unit which makes the same sound as a keyboard but instead of playing any
- keys, because modules are just electronic boxes, the sounds are prompted to
- play by the MIDI information).
-
- Such a combination of more than 2 instruments is referred to as a "MIDI
- system". Of course, without the MIDI THRU this set-up could not become a MIDI
- system, and therefore it is easy to understand the use of MIDI THRU and the
- importance of purchasing a synthesizer with all three connections containing
- MIDI IN, MIDI OUT and MIDI THRU.
-
-
- (4) One-Way MIDI Conversation
- -------------------------
-
- MIDI information is sent from MIDI OUT to MIDI IN, or from MIDI THRU to MIDI
- IN. The information is always sent one way, (generally) referred to as
- 'HANDSHAKING'), so that the "speaker" and the "listener" in a MIDI conversation
- remain the same, always! For example, a MIDI "keyboard controller" which has
- no keyboard of its own or a MIDI "sound module" which has no keyboard, and so
- on, has fixed roles. They are either the "Master", or the "slave". In this
- situation, the "speaker" is called the master and the "listener" is the slave.
- ( A computer can be the master and the keyboards and module will be the slaves
- - that's how it should be, the user is the master in control and the synths are
- the slaves, never forget that keyboards and modules are just machines, which
- you the master, control.
-
- Furthermore, the master/slave relationship is not always one to one, as
- previously discussed. the number of slaves can be increased, 1:2 or 1:3 and
- even 1:10 and so on. As a result even in very large MIDI systems if you check
- that the flow of information is all one-way, and correct, and the relationship
- between master and slaves is very clear, then the connections will pose no
- problem.
-
-
- (5) Closer is Better
- ----------------
-
- From the previous discussion, it would seem that we could construct a chain of
- instruments, one after the other, via a large series of MIDI THRU connections.
- However, in reality, a MIDI conversation involves some complicated "dialogue",
- and too many THRU connections can distrupt the conversation , making it
- progressively easy to "understand". Consequently, the 4th or 5th instrument in
- the chain may receive incorrect data.
-
- To avoid this situation, place the master and slave instruments as close
- together as possible. This does not mean the actual physical placement, but
- rather the number of MIDI connections between them. To simplify this
- proceedure, a MIDI THRU box, or OUTPUT Selector should be used.
-
- MIDI THRU boxes send MIDI information from the master to the slaves at the same
- time, so that each slave recieves the information first hand (correctly).
- There are many kinds of MIDI devices, but remember, although perhaps the
- simplest, the through box is the most necessary when communicating with more
- than 4 or 5 devices.
-
- In the next issue of TI we'll look at MIDI further with "THE BENEFITS OF MIDI"
-
- Kevan R.Craft
- 12 Mount Road
- Halton
- Runcorn
- Cheshire. WA7 2BH.
- England. U.K.
-
- Tel: +44 0928 563762
-